The Budtender’s Guide

Supplemental Materials

Part 3: The Effects of Cannabis

Cannabis Compounds & The Endocannabinoid System

  1. “THC – Search Results .” PubMed. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Accessed January 20, 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=THC.
  2. Weinberg, Bill. “The Arbitrary Legal Line That Separates Hemp & Marijuana.” Cannabis Now, December 20, 2018. https://cannabisnow.com/the-arbitrary-legal-line-that-separates-hemp-marijuana/.
  3. Ben-Shabat, S, E Fride, T Sheskin, T Tamiri, MH Rhee, Z Vogel, T Bisogno, L De Petrocellis, V Di Marzo, and R Mechoulam. “An Entourage Effect: Inactive Endogenous Fatty Acid Glycerol Esters Enhance 2-Arachidonoyl-Glycerol Cannabinoid Activity.” European journal of pharmacology. U.S. National Library of Medicine, July 17, 1998. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9721036/.
  4. Russo, Ethan B. “TAMING THC: Potential Cannabis Synergy and Phytocannabinoid-Terpenoid Entourage Effects.” British journal of pharmacology. U.S. National Library of Medicine, August 2011. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3165946/.
  5. “Marinol (Dronabinol) Capsules.” AccessData.FDA.gov. United States Food & Drug Administration, September 2004. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2005/018651s021lbl.pdf.
  6. “Epidiolex® (Cannabidiol).” EPIDIOLEX.com. Accessed January 20, 2023. https://www.epidiolex.com/.
  7. Russo, Ethan B. “The Case for the Entourage Effect and Conventional Breeding of Clinical Cannabis: No ‘Strain,” No Gain.” Frontiers. Frontiers, December 19, 2018. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2018.01969/full?&field=&journalName=Frontiers_in_Plant_Science&id=434025.
  8. Pertwee, Roger G. “The 90th Birthday of Professor Raphael Mechoulam, a Top Cannabinoid Scientist and Pioneer.” International journal of molecular sciences. U.S. National Library of Medicine, October 16, 2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7593926/.
  9. Howlett, Allyn C, Lawrence C Blume, and George D Dalton. “CB(1) Cannabinoid Receptors and Their Associated Proteins.” Current medicinal chemistry. U.S. National Library of Medicine, September 25, 2011. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3179980/.
  10. Bie, Bihua, Jiang Wu, Joseph F Foss, and Mohamed Naguib. “An Overview of the Cannabinoid Type 2 Receptor System and Its Therapeutic Potential.” Current opinion in anaesthesiology. U.S. National Library of Medicine, August 1, 2018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6035094/.
  11. Luchicchi, Antonio, and Marco Pistis. “Anandamide and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol: Pharmacological Properties, Functional Features, and Emerging Specificities of the Two Major Endocannabinoids.” Molecular neurobiology. U.S. National Library of Medicine, October 17, 2012. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22801993/.
  12. Seltenrich, Nate. “Dolphin Study Identifies Hitherto Unknown Endocannabinoid.” Project CBD, September 14, 2022. https://www.projectcbd.org/dolphin-study-identifies-hitherto-unknown-endocannabinoid.
  13. Reggio, Patricia H. “Endocannabinoid Binding to the Cannabinoid Receptors: What Is Known and What Remains Unknown.” PubMed Central. U.S. National Library of Medicine, August 4, 2014. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4120766/.
  14. Lavelle, Judy. “New Brain Effects behind ‘Runner’s High.’” Scientific American. Scientific American, October 8, 2015. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-brain-effects-behind-runner-s-high/.
  15. “How Does Marijuana Produce Its Effects?” National Institutes of Health. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, April 13, 2021. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/marijuana/how-does-marijuana-produce-its-effects.
  16. Lu, Hui-Chen, and Ken Mackie. “An Introduction to the Endogenous Cannabinoid System.” PubMed. U.S. National Library of Medicine, April 1, 2016. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4789136/.
  17. Gülck, Thies, and Birger Lindberg Møller. “Phytocannabinoids: Origins and Biosynthesis – Trends in Plant Science.” Trends in Plant Science. Phytocannabinoids: Origins and Biosynthesis, July 6, 2020. https://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/fulltext/S1360-1385(20)30187-4.
  18. McPartland, John M, Geoffrey W Guy, and Vincenzo Di Marzo. “Care and Feeding of the Endocannabinoid System: A Systematic Review of Potential Clinical Interventions That Upregulate the Endocannabinoid System.” PloS one. U.S. National Library of Medicine, March 12, 2014. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3951193/.
  19. Walsh, Kenneth B., Amanda E. McKinney, and Andrea E. Holmes. “Minor Cannabinoids: Biosynthesis, Molecular Pharmacology and Potential Therapeutic Uses.” Frontiers. Frontiers in Pharmacology, November 8, 2021. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.777804/full.
  20. Borrelli, Francesca. “Non-Psychotropic Plant Cannabinoids: New Therapeutic Opportunities from an Ancient Herb.” Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. Elsevier BV, July 15, 2022. https://www.academia.edu/14021755/Non_psychotropic_plant_cannabinoids_new_therapeutic_opportunities_from_an_ancient_herb.
  21. McPartland, John M, Geoffrey W Guy, and Vincenzo Di Marzo. “Care and Feeding of the Endocannabinoid System: A Systematic Review of Potential Clinical Interventions That Upregulate the Endocannabinoid System.” PloS one. U.S. National Library of Medicine, March 12, 2014. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3951193/.
  22. Russo, Ethan B. “Clinical Endocannabinoid Deficiency Reconsidered: Current Research Supports the Theory in Migraine, Fibromyalgia, Irritable Bowel, and Other Treatment-Resistant Syndromes.” Cannabis and cannabinoid research. U.S. National Library of Medicine, July 1, 2016. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5576607/.
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  26. Russo, Ethan B. “Clinical Endocannabinoid Deficiency Reconsidered: Current Research Supports the Theory in Migraine, Fibromyalgia, Irritable Bowel, and Other Treatment-Resistant Syndromes.” Cannabis and cannabinoid research. U.S. National Library of Medicine, July 1, 2016. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5576607/.
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  32. Swaminath, Arun, Eric P Berlin, Adam Chiefetz, Ed Hoffenberg, Jami Kinnucan, Laura Wingate, Sarah Buchanan, Nada Zmeter, and David T Reubin. “The Role of Cannabis in the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Review of Clinical, Scientific, and Regulatory Information: Commissioned by the Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation.” Academic.oup.com. Oxford Academic – Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, October 24, 2018. https://academic.oup.com/ibdjournal/article/25/3/427/5144402.
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  35. Järvinen, Tomi, David W Pate, and Krista Laine. “Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Glaucoma.” Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Pergamon, August 14, 2002. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0163725802002590.
  36. Tomida, Ileana, Augusto Azuara-Blanco, Heather House, Maggie Flint, Roger G. Pertwee, Dphil, and Philip J Robson. “Effect of Sublingual Application of Cannabinoids on Intraocular Pressure: A Pilot Study.” Journal of Glaucoma, October 2006. https://journals.lww.com/glaucomajournal/Abstract/2006/10000/Effect_of_Sublingual_Application_of_Cannabinoids.1.aspx.
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  39. Moldzio, Rudolf, Thomas Pacher, Christopher Krewenka, Barbara Kranner, Johannes Novak, Johanna Catharina Duvigneau, and Wolf-Dieter Rausch. “Effects of Cannabinoids δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol, δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid and Cannabidiol in MPP+ Affected Murine Mesencephalic Cultures.” Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology. U.S. National Library of Medicine, June 15, 2012. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22571976/.
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  188. Eker, Merve Eda, Kjersti Aaby, Irena Budic-Leto, Suzana Rimac Brnčić, Sedef Nehir El, Sibel Karakaya, Sebnem Simsek, Claudine Manach, Wieslaw Wiczkowski, and Sonia de Pascual-Teresa. “A Review of Factors Affecting Anthocyanin Bioavailability: Possible Implications for the Inter-Individual Variability.” Foods (Basel, Switzerland). U.S. National Library of Medicine, December 18, 2019. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7023094/.
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  190. Eggers, Carly, Masaya Fujitani, Ryuji Kato, and Scott Smid. “Novel Cannabis Flavonoid, Cannflavin a Displays Both a Hormetic and Neuroprotective Profile against Amyloid β-Mediated Neurotoxicity in PC12 Cells: Comparison with Geranylated Flavonoids, Mimulone and Diplacone.” Biochemical pharmacology. U.S. National Library of Medicine, November 2019. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31437460/.
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Safety & Research

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